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Method of transmitting images, often of documents

A facsimile machine from 1999 employing inkjet printing, which was fashionable for fax machines at that time.

Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying Oregon telefax (the latter short for telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmitting of scanned printed material (some text and images), commonly to a telephone turn connected to a printer or other output device. The germinal document is scanned with a fax machine (Beaver State a telecopier), which processes the contents (text surgery images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting IT into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone set system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy.[1] Early systems used point conversions of epitome wickedness to audio tone in a continuous or linear manner. Since the 1980s, most machines modulate the transmitted audio frequencies using a digital representation of the page which is compressed to quick transmit areas which are all-Edward White operating theater all-black.

Story [edit]

Wire transmission [blue-pencil]

Scottish artificer Alexander Bain worked on chemical robotlike facsimile machine type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in research laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 happening May 27, 1843 for his "Physical phenomenon Printing Telegraph".[2] [3] [4] Frederick Bakewell ready-made several improvements on Bain's intent and demonstrated a telefax machine.[5] [6] [7] The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli.[8] He introduced the first commercial telefax service 'tween Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of the telephone.[9] [10]

In 1880, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the initiatory telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, non requiring manual of arms plotting or drawing.[11] An account of Henry Sutton's "telephane" was promulgated in 1896. Close to 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph, widespread in landmass EU especially pursuing a wide noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908,[12] used until the wider dispersion of the radiofax.[13] [14] [15] Its main competitors were the Bélinographe past Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical fancy scanning and transmission.[ citation needed ]

The 1888 invention of the telautograph past Elisha Greyness scarred a further development in telefax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances, olibanum allowing the substantiation of identification or ownership over long distances.[16] [17] [18]

Along Crataegus laevigata 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&T Pot "by a newfangled unconscious process of transmitting pictures by electrical energy" sent 15 photographs by telephone from Stephen Grover Cleveland to New York Urban center, such photos being suitable for newspaper publisher facts of life. Previously, photographs had been sent over the radio victimization this process.[19]

The Western Union "Deskfax" fax political machine, announced in 1948, was a heavy machine that fit comfortably on a desktop, using special spark printer paper.[20]

Wireless transmission [edit]

Children read a wirelessly transmitted newspaper in 1938.

As a designer for the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), in 1924, Richard H. Fire warden fictional the wireless photoradiogram, or water tuner facsimile, the herald of today's "fax" machines. A photograph of President Calvin Coolidge conveyed from Unused York to London happening November 29, 1924, became the prototypical photo picture reproduced by transoceanic radio telefax. Commercial use of Ranger's product began two years tardive. Also in 1924, Herbert E. James Merritt Ives of AT&T transmissible and reconstructed the initiative colouring material telefax, a natural-color photograph of silent film star Rudolph Valentino in period costume, victimization red, Green and blueing color separations.[21]

Beginning in the recent 1930s, the Finch Facsimile scheme was used to transmit a "radio newspaper" to backstage homes via mercenary AM radio Stations and ordinary radio receivers equipped with Finch's printing machine, which misused thermal paper. Sensing a new and potentially golden opportunity, competitors soon entered the field, but the pressman and special theme were expensive luxuries, AM radio transmission was same tardily and vulnerable to atmospheric static, and the newspaper was too small. After more than x years of continual attempts by Finch and others to establish such a service as a viable business, the public, plain quite content with its cheaper and much more strong home-delivered daily newspapers, and with conventional spoken radio bulletins to provide any "hot" intelligence, still showed solely a passing oddity approximately the new medium.[22]

By the late 1940s, radiofax receivers were sufficiently miniaturized to embody fitted beneath the splashboard of Midwestern Union's "Telecar" wire obstetrical delivery vehicles.[20]

In the 1960s, the United States USA transmitted the prototypic pic via satellite facsimile machine to Puerto RICO Act from the Deal Test Website using the Courier outer.

Radio telefax is stillness in limited use now for transmitting weather charts and information to ships at deep-sea.

Telephone infection [redact]

In 1964, Xerox Corporation introduced (and patented) what many consider to be the first commercialized rendering of the modern fax machine, under the name (LDX) operating room Long Distance Xerography. This model was superseded cardinal years subsequent with a unit that would truly set the standard for fax machines for years to come. Prepared until this point facsimile machines were very expensive and hard to manoeuvre. In 1966, Photocopy released the Magnafax Telecopiers, a smaller, 46 pound (21 kg) facsimile machine. This unit was far easier to operate and could equal connected to any standard telephone melodic phras. This machine was capable of transmitting a letter-ninepenny text file in about six minutes. The first sub-minute, whole number telefax machine was developed by Dacom, which shapely happening digital information compression technology originally developed at Lockheed for satellite communicating.[23] [24]

By the late 1970s, many companies around the world (especially Japanese firms) had entered the fax food market. Very shortly later on this, a new moving ridge of more compact, faster and efficacious fax machines would gain the market. Xerox continued to refine the fax motorcar for years after their establish-break original machine. In later years IT would be combined with copier equipment to create the hybrid machines we possess today that copy, scan and fax. Few of the lesser known capabilities of the Xerox fax technologies included their Ethernet enabled Fax Services on their 8000 workstations in the early 1980s.

Prior to the introduction of the ubiquitous telefax motorcar, one of the first organism the Exxon Qwip[25] in the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optical scanning of a document operating theatre draftsmanship spinning on a drum. The reflected light, varied in intensity according to the Christ Within and dark areas of the document, was focused on a photoelectric cell so that the electric current in a circuit diversified with the amount of light. This underway was used to control a tone source (a modulator), the current decisive the frequency of the tone produced. This audio tone was then transmitted victimisation an acoustic coupler (a speaker, in this case) attached to the microphone of a common telephone handset. At the receiving death, a French telephone's speaker was pledged to an acoustic coupler (a mike), and a demodulator regenerate the varying pure tone into a variable current that controlled the mechanical movement of a pen or pencil to reproduce the prototype on a uncommunicative piece of paper on an identical drum rotating at the same rate.

Data processor facsimile interface [edit]

In 1985, Hank Magnuski, father of GammaLink, produced the first computer fax panel, called GammaFax. So much boards could furnish voice telephone via Analog Expanding upon Jalopy.[26]

In the 21st century [edit]

Although businesses ordinarily preserve some kind of facsimile capableness, the technology has long-faced flared contender from Internet-based alternatives. In some countries[ which? ], because electronic signatures on contracts are non yet recognized by law, while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continued support in business.[28] In Nippon, faxes are silence utilised extensively as of September 2020 for cognitive content and graphemic reasons.[29] [30] [31] [32] They are available for sending to both domestic and international recipients from over 81% of entirely public convenience stores nationwide. Convenience-store facsimile machine machines commonly print the slightly re-sized smug of the sent facsimile in the electronic confirmation-slip, in A4 composition size.[33] [34] [35] Use of fax machines for reporting cases during the COVID-19 pandemic has been criticised in Japan for introducing data errors and delays in reporting, slowing answer efforts to contain the spread of infections and hindering transition to work from household.[36] [37] [38]

In some corporate environments, freestanding fax machines have been replaced past fax servers and new computerized systems capable of receiving and storing incoming faxes electronically, and so routing them to users on newspaper or via an e-mail (which may be secured).[39] Such systems have the vantage of reduction costs by eliminating supererogatory printouts and reducing the number of inward analog phone lines needed by an situatio.

Professional laser fax machine for office use with the Super G3 standard for faster fax transmission.

The once ubiquitous fax machine has as wel begun to disappear from the small position and home part environments.[ citation required ] Remotely hosted fax-server services are widely available from VoIP and e-mail providers allowing users to send and receive faxes using their alive electronic mail accounts without the need for whatever hardware or dedicated fax lines. Personal computers have also long been able to handle in and forthcoming faxes using analog modems or ISDN, eliminating the need for a support-alone fax machine. These solutions are often ideally suited for users WHO entirely very now and then need to use fax services. In July 2017 the GB's National Health Service was said to be the world's largest purchaser of facsimile machine machines because the digital revolution has largely bypassed information technology.[40] In June 2018 the Labor said that the NHS had at least 11,620 fax machines in cognitive operation[41] and in December the Department of Health and Elite Care said that no more fax machines could be bought from 2019 and that the present ones must be replaced by plug email aside March 31, 2020.[42]

Leeds Commandment Hospitals NHS Trust, generally viewed as digitally advanced in the NHS, was engaged in a process of removing its fax machines in early 2019. This involved quite a lot of e-facsimile machine solutions because of the need to put across with pharmacies and nursing homes which Crataegus laevigata not have access to the NHS email system and may need something in their composition records.[43]

In 2018 two-thirds of Canadian doctors reported that they primarily used facsimile machine machines to communicate with other doctors. Faxes are still seen as safer and more secure and electronic systems are often ineffective to communicate with each other.[44]

Capabilities [blue-pencil]

There are several indicators of fax capabilities: group, class, data transmission rank, and conformity with ITU-T (formerly CCITT) recommendations. Since the 1968 Carterphone conclusion, most facsimile machine machines have been designed to connect to standard PSTN lines and phone numbers.

Aggroup [redact]

Analog [edit]

Group 1 and 2 faxes are sent in the same manner as a frame of analog telecasting, with each scanned line transmitted as a continuous analog signal. Horizontal resolution depended upon the lineament of the digital scanner, line, and the printer. Parallel fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured. ITU-T Recommendations T.2 and T.3 were withdrawn as obsolete in July 1996.

  • Aggroup 1 faxes meet the ITU-T Good word T.2. Aggroup 1 faxes take 6 minutes to convey a single Thomas Nelson Page, with a integration resolution of 96 glance over lines per inch. Group 1 facsimile machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.
  • Group 2 faxes adapt to the ITU-T Recommendations T.3 and T.30. Group 2 faxes bring forward three proceedings to transfer a individualistic page, with a vertical resolution of 96 rake lines per inch. Radical 2 fax machines are almost obsolete, and are no longer manufactured. Aggroup 2 fax machines can interoperate with Group 3 fax machines.

Digital [edit]

The Dacom DFC-10—the first digital fax simple machine[23]

The give a fax motorcar. Only about one after part of the duration is shown. The thin lineage in the intervening consists of photosensitive pixels. The learn-out circuit is at left-of-center.

A major discovery in the growing of the modern facsimile arrangement was the result of digital technology, where the linear signal from scanners was digitized and then compressed, resulting in the ability to transmit high rates of data crosswise standard call up lines. The first digital fax machine was the Dacom Rapidfax initial sold in late 1960s, which incorporated digital data compression technology developed by Lockheed for transmission of images from satellites.[23] [24]

Group 3 and 4 faxes are digital formats and take advantage of member compression methods to greatly reduce transmission system times.

  • Grouping 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.4. Group 3 faxes take between 6 and 15 seconds to transmit a single page (not including the first time for the telefax machines to handshake and synchronise). The flat and erect resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard to vary among a set of regressive resolutions:
    • Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch
      • Hierarchic: 100 scan lines per inch ("Basic")
    • Horizontal: 200 operating room 204 scan lines per edge
      • Vertical: 100 or 98 scan lines per edge in ("Standard")
      • Vertical: 200 or 196 scan lines per inch ("Fine")
      • Unbowed: 400 operating theatre 391 (annotation not 392) scan lines per inch ("Refined")
    • Horizontal: 300 CAT scan lines per column inch
      • Vertical: 300 scan lines per inch
    • Flat: 400 or 408 scan lines per column inch
      • Vertical: 400 or 391 scan lines per inch ("Ultrafine")
  • Group 4 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.563, T.503, T.521, T.6, T.62, T.70, T.411 to T.417. They are designed to go over 64 kbit/s digital ISDN circuits. The allowed resolutions, a superset of those in the T.4 recommendation, are specified in the T.6 recommendation.[45]

Facsimile Over IP (FoIP) crapper transmit and receive pre-digitized documents at near-realtime speeds victimization ITU-T recommendation T.38 to send digitised images over an IP network exploitation JPEG compression. T.38 is designed to work with VoIP services and frequently supported away analog telephone adapters used aside legacy fax machines that need to connect through a VoIP service. Scanned documents are limited to the quantity of time the user takes to load the text file in a scanner and for the device to process a digital file. The result can vary from as little as 150 DPI to 9600 DPI or more. This typecast of faxing is not correlate the netmail–to–fax service that static uses facsimile modems leastwise one way.

Class [blue-pencil]

Computer modems are oftentimes selected by a particular fax socio-economic class, which indicates how much processing is offloaded from the computer's Central processing unit to the fax modem.

  • Socio-economic class 1 (alias Class 1.0) fax devices do fax data transfer, piece the T.4/T.6 data compression and T.30 school term management are performed by software on a controlling information processing system. This is described in ITU-T passport T.31.[46]
  • What is commonly better-known Eastern Samoa "Course of study 2" is an unofficial course of fax devices that execute T.30 session direction themselves, only the T.4/T.6 data compression is performed by software program on a dominant computer. Implementations of this "class" are settled happening draft versions of the standard that eventually significantly evolved to become Class 2.0.[47] Entirely implementations of "Class 2" are maker-specific.[48]
  • Family 2.0 is the confirmed ITU-T version of Class 2 and is ordinarily known as Class 2.0 to differentiate it from many manufacturer-specific implementations of what is commonly known as "Class 2". It uses a diverse merely standardized command set than the various manufacturer-specific implementations of "Class 2". The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32.[48]
  • Class 2.1 is an improvement of Class 2.0 that implements faxing concluded V.34 (33.6 kbit/s), which boosts faxing speed from fax classes "2" and 2.0, which are limited to 14.4 kbit/s.[48] The pertinent ITU-T recommendation is T.32 Amendment 1.[48] Class 2.1 telefax devices are referred to as "super G3".

Data transmittal pace [edit]

Some different telephone-line modulation techniques are used by telefax machines. They are negotiated during the fax-modem handshake, and the telefax devices will expend the highest information rate that both fax devices support, usually a minimum of 14.4 kbit/s for Chemical group 3 fax.

ITU standard Released date Information rates (bit/s) Modulation method
V.27 1988 4800, 2400 PSK
V.29 1988 9600, 7200, 4800 QAM
V.17 1991 14400 , 12000 , 9600, 7200 TCM
V.34 1994 28800 QAM
V.34bis 1998 33600 QAM
ISDN 1986 64000 extremity

Mention that "Super Group 3" faxes use V.34bis modulation that allows a data rate of up to 33.6 kbit/s.

Compression [edit]

As well as specifying the result (and allowable physical size) of the image being faxed, the ITU-T T.4 good word specifies two compression methods for decreasing the amount of information that necessarily to embody transmitted betwixt the facsimile machines to transfer of training the see. The two methods defined in T.4 are:[49]

  • Modified Huffman (MH).
  • Varied READ (MR) (Relative Element Address Designate [50]), optional.

An additive method is specified in T.6:[45]

  • Modified Modified READ (MMR).

Later, other compression techniques were added as options to ITU-T passport T.30, such every bit the more cost-efficient JBIG (T.82, T.85) for bi-pull dow content, and JPEG (T.81), T.43, MRC (T.44), and T.45 for grayscale, pallet, and colour content.[51] Facsimile machine machines can negotiate at the start of the T.30 session to use the superfine proficiency enforced on both sides.

Modified Huffman [redact]

Modified Huffman (MH), specified in T.4 as the one-dimensional coding scheme, is a codebook-based consort-length encoding scheme optimised to efficiently compress whitespace.[49] As near faxes consist mostly of white space, this minimises the infection time of most faxes. All line scanned is compressed independently of its predecessor and successor.[49]

Modified READ [edit]

Modified READ, nominative as an optional two-dimensional secret writing scheme in T.4, encodes the first scanned line using MH.[49] The next line is compared to the first, the differences determined, and so the differences are encoded and inherited.[49] This is effective, as most lines differ little from their predecessor. This is not continued to the end of the fax transmission, but only for a incomprehensive number of lines until the process is readjust, and a new "first line" encoded with MH is produced. This limited number of lines is to prevent errors propagating throughout the whole fax, as the standard does not provide for computer error fudge factor. This is an ex gratia facility, and extraordinary fax machines do non use Mister in order to minimize the amount of computation needful by the machine. The limited number of lines is 2 for "Standard"-resolution faxes, and 4 for "Fine"-resolution faxes.

Modified Modified READ [edit]

The ITU-T T.6 passport adds a further densification typewrite of Modified Modified READ (MMR), which simply allows a greater number of lines to be coded by MR than in T.4.[45] This is because T.6 makes the laying claim that the transmission is over a circuit with a low number of line errors, such atomic number 3 digital ISDN. In this case, the number of lines for which the differences are encoded is not limited.

JBIG [edit]

In 1999, ITU-T recommendation T.30 added JBIG (ITU-T T.82) as another lossless bi-layer compression algorithm, or more precisely a "fax profile" subset of JBIG (ITU-T T.85). JBIG-compressed pages result in 20% to 50% quicker transmission than MMR-compressed pages, and capable 30 multiplication faster transmission if the page includes halftone images.

JBIG performs adaptive compression, that is, both the encoder and decoder collect statistical info about the inheritable image from the pixels transmitted so far, in order to predict the probability for all next pel being either coloured or white. For each new pixel, JBIG looks at ten nearby, previously transmitted pixels. It counts, how frequently in the preceding the next picture element has been black or white in the same neighborhood, and estimates from that the probability statistical distribution of the adjacent pixel. This is fed into an pure mathematics coder, which adds only a small fraction of a fleck to the output sequence if the more probable pixel is then encountered.

The ITU-T T.85 "fax profile" constrains some optional features of the full JBIG standard, such that codecs do not have to save data about more than the last three picture element rows of an image in memory at any clock time. This allows the streaming of "endless" images, where the height of the image may not be illustrious until the last row is transmitted.

ITU-T T.30 allows fax machines to talk terms one of ii options of the T.85 "fax visibility":

  • In "basic mode", the JBIG encoder moldiness split the image into horizontal stripes of 128 lines (parametric quantity L0 = 128) and restart the arithmetic encoder for all stripe.
  • In "option modal value", on that point is no so much constraint.

Matsushita Whiteline Skip [delete]

A copyrighted compression scheme employed on Panasonic fax machines is Matsushita Whiteline Skim (MWS). It can be overlaid on the other compression schemes, only is operative only when two Panasonic machines are communicating with indefinite another. This system detects the blank scanned areas between lines of text, and then compresses single blank scan lines into the data space of a single graphic symbol. (JBIG implements a quasi proficiency called "typical prediction", if lintel flag TPBON is set to 1.)

Typical characteristics [redact]

Radical 3 fax machines transplant indefinite Oregon a few written or written pages per minute in black-and-white (bitonal) at a resolution of 204×98 (normal) or 204×196 (fine) dots per transparent inch. The transfer rate is 14.4 kbit/s or higher for modems and some fax machines, just fax machines support speeds beginning with 2400 morsel/s and typically operate at 9600 bit/s. The transferred image formats are called ITU-T (formerly CCITT) fax group 3 or 4. Group 3 faxes have the suffix .g3 and the Pantomime type image/g3fax.

The most basic fax mode transfers in monochrome entirely. The original paginate is scanned in a resolution of 1728 pixels/line and 1145 lines/page (for A4). The resulting raw data is compressed victimization a modified Huffman encode optimized for transcription, achieving average out compression factors of around 20. Typically a page necessarily 10 s for transmission, instead of about 3 minutes for the same uncompressed raw data of 1728×1145 bits at a speed of 9600 bit/s. The compression method uses a Huffman codebook for feed lengths of black-and-white runs in a single scanned line, and it can also use the fact that deuce adjacent scanlines are usually quite a similar, redemptive bandwidth past encryption only the differences.

Telefax classes denote the way fax programs interact with fax hardware. Getable classes include Class 1, Classify 2, Class 2.0 and 2.1, and Intel CAS. Many modems affirm at least class 1 and often either Class 2 operating room Class 2.0. Which is preferable to usance depends on factors such as hardware, software, modem firmware, and expected use.

Printing process [edit]

Fax machines from the 1970s to the 1990s often used direct thermal printers with rolls of thermal paper as their printing technology, but since the middle-1990s there has been a transition towards plain-paper faxes: thermal transfer printers, inkjet printers and laser printers.

One of the advantages of inkjet printing is that inkjets can affordably print in color; therefore, many another of the inkjet-based fax machines claim to have colour in fax capableness. There is a criterion called ITU-T30e (formally ITU-T Recommendation T.30 Wing E [52]) for faxing in coloring; however, it is non wide supported, so many of the coloring telefax machines tush only fax in colour to machines from the same manufacturer.[ credit needed ]

Stroking swiftness [redact]

Diagonal speed in fax systems is the rate at which a fixed communication channel rectangular to the direction of scanning is crossed in one direction by a scanning or transcription spot. Stroke speed is usually expressed as a number of strokes per minute of arc. When the telefax system scans in some directions, the stroke speed is twice this bi. In most conventional 20th century mechanical systems, the stroke speed is equivalent to drum speeding.[53]

Facsimile machine paper [edit]

As a precaution, caloric fax paper is typically non recognised in archives or as documentary evidence in some courts of law unless photocopied. This is because the image-forming coat is eradicable and brittle, and it tends to detach from the medium after a long time in storage.[54]

Internet fax [edit]

One popular alternative is to subscribe to an Internet fax service, allowing users to send and receive faxes from their personal computers victimization an extant email account. No software, fax server OR fax machine is needed. Faxes are received as attached TIFF or PDF files, or in copyrighted formats that require the use of the service provider's software. Faxes can be sent or retrieved from anywhere at any sentence that a user can get Internet access. Some services offer shielded faxing to abide by with stringent HIPAA and Gramm–Leaching–Bliley Act requirements to celebrate medical entropy and financial data clannish and secure. Utilizing a fax military service supplier does non require paper, a dedicated fax line, surgery expendable resources.[55]

Another unconventional to a physical facsimile automobile is to make use of computer computer software which allows people to send and receive faxes using their own computers, utilizing fax servers and unified electronic messaging. A realistic (netmail) fax can be printed out and and then autographed and scanned back to computer before being emailed. Also the transmitter fanny attach a extremity signature to the document file cabinet.

With the surging popularity of mobile phones, essential fax machines can now equal downloaded as applications for Humanoid and iOS. These applications make use of the phone's internal tv camera to read fax documents for upload OR they can import from various cloud services.

Related standards [edit]

  • T.4 is the umbrella specification for facsimile machine. It specifies the standard image sizes, two forms of image-information compression (encoding), the simulacrum-data format, and references, T.30 and the various modem standards.
  • T.6 specifies a compaction scheme that reduces the time needful to transmit an image by around 50-percent.
  • T.30 specifies the procedures that a sending and receiving terminal use to set skyward a facsimile call option, regulate the visualize size, encoding, and transfer speed, the demarcation between pages, and the termination of the address. T.30 also references the respective modem standards.
  • V.21, V.27ter, V.29, V.17, V.34: ITU modem standards used in facsimile. The first three were ratified prior to 1980, and were specified in the original T.4 and T.30 standards. V.34 was published for telefax in 1994.[56]
  • T.37 The ITU criterional for sending a fax-image file via e-mail to the well-intentioned recipient of a fax.
  • T.38 The ITU standard for sending Fax over IP (FoIP).
  • G.711 pass through - this is where the T.30 facsimile machine call is carried in a VoIP call encoded as audio. This is photosensitive to network packet loss, jitter and clock synchronization. When using vocalism high-densification encoding techniques such as, but not limited to, G.729, some fax tonal signals may not be correctly transported crossways the packet boat network.
  • RFC 3362 image/t38 Pantomimis-type
  • SSL Fax An nascent criterional that allows a telephone based facsimile session to negotiate a telefax conveyance over the internet, but only if some sides support the standard. The definitive is partially supported T.30 and is being developed past Hylafax+ developers.

See also [edit]

  • Black fax
  • Named subscriber recognition (CSID)
  • Mistake correction mode (ECM)
  • Fax art
  • Fax detector
  • Fax modem
  • Fax server
  • Faxlore
  • Fultograph
  • Image Scanners
  • Internet fax
  • Rubble fax
  • Radiofax—image transmission over Hafnium radio
  • Slow-scan television
  • T.38 Fax-over-IP
  • Telautograph
  • Telex
  • Teletex
  • Transmitting Subscriber Identification (TSID)
  • Wirephoto

References [edit]

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Foster reading [redact]

  • Coopersmith, Jonathan, Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine (Hopkins University Press, 2015) 308 pp.
  • "Transmittal Photographs by Telegraph", Scientific American clause, 12 May 1877, p. 297

External links [blue-pencil]

The lexicon definition of facsimile at Wiktionary Media related to Fax machines at Wikimedia Commons

  • Group 3 Facsimile Communication a '97 essay with technical details on compression and error codes, and call establishment and release.
  • ITU T.30 Recommendation

what is the best internet fax service

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax

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